PITOT STATIC
All aircraft have three pitot and five static systems. All pitot probes and static ports are electrically heated. The captain's pitot-static system supplies CADC-1 and the first officer's system supplies CADC-2. Auxiliary and cabin static systems control cabin pressurization. The aux pitot and alternate static systems supply the standby altitude/IAS indicator.
AIR DATA SYSTEMS
Two central air data computers (CADCs) use pitot-static inputs to compute Mach, airspeed, altitude, vertical speed, and temperature. CADC outputs support primary flight instruments, the SAT/TAS indicator, and related aircraft systems. Primary flight instruments (airspeed/Mach, altimeter, and vertical speed indicator) are electrically driven by their respective CADCs.
CADC-2 normally operates the SAT/TAS indicator. While the TAT switch is pressed, temperature display converts from static air temperature (SAT) to total air temperature (TAT). OFF flags cover the readouts if a failure occurs.
If power to a primary flight instrument is lost, OFF flags appear in that instrument.
CADC SWITCHING
A CADC select switch on the overhead panel provides the option of operating both sets of flight instruments and the SAT/TAS indicator from one CADC. With the switch in either the BOTH ON 1 or BOTH ON 2, the CADC light illuminates on the main panel.
FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
AIRSPEED/MACH INDICATORS
Electrically driven airspeed/Mach indicators have an IAS scale on their circumference and an IAS indicator needle. Mach is displayed in a drum readout at the top of the indicator. A barber-pole Vmo pointer indicates maximum permissible airspeed for the current altitude. Airspeed failure is indicated by an A/S flag and a Mach failure is indicated by an OFF flag over the Mach readout. There are five airspeed bugs that are located on the outer edge of the airspeed indicator (4 white and 1 orange) These bugs can be set individually or you can set them using the "SET BUGS" button on the TPS report or the Speed Cards. Information on the speed bugs can be found in the Performance Section
The pilots standby altimeter/airspeed indicator displays IAS on a drum, barometric altitude with a drum and a 100 foot pointer, and is a purely pneumatic instrument.
PRIMARY ALTIMETERS
Primary altimeters display altitudes from -1,000 to 50,000 feet with a drum readout and a 100 foot pointer. Altimeters are electrically driven. Barometric pressure is set by a knob on the front of the instrument. An OFF flag covers the drum readout when altitude data is invalid.
VERTICAL SPEED INDICATORS
Vertical speed indicators display vertical speed from 0 to 6,000 feet per minute, up or down. A VSI FAIL message appears in the top section when vertical data is unusable.
STANDBY HORIZON INDICATOR
A standby horizon indicator provides a standby attitude reference in normal power fails. An adjustment knob erects the horizon and adjust the display. A power flag appears when DC power is lost.
OVERSPEED WARNING
The two CADCs operate dual overspeed warning systems. If speed exceeds maximum operating speed, the central aural warning system alternately sounds a clacker followed by "Overspeed" or "Slat Overspeed" until airspeed is reduced to within allowable limits. A test switch permits testing of each overspeed warning system.
STANDBY MAGNETIC COMPASS
The standvy magnetic compass is recessed in the ceiling at the right rear of the cockpit. Hinged mirrors on the glare shield can be adjusted for viewing.
RADIO ALTIMETERS
The radio altimeter system has an operating range from the surface to 2,500 feet AGL. The system is powered by the Left AC system and supplies data to the GPWS and flight guidance systems. When and ILS is tuned, the radio altimeter system drives a rising runway indicator in the respective ADI/PFD to indicate the last 200 feet AGL.
EFIS RADIO ALTIMETER - GLASS & COMBO
The radio altimeter is displayed as a vertical tape on the right side of the PFD. The radio altitude tape disappears above 2,500 feet. From 2,500 feet to 500 feet the tape is grey. Below 500 feet it is solid green until within two hundred of ground level. During the last 200 feet a narrow yellow stripe appears on the right side, becoming wider as altitude decreases until the stripe is more yellow than green at ground level.
DECISION HEIGHT SETTING
STEAM
A DH knob on the radio altimeter indicator positions an index and digital display to the desired decision height. It also references the DH lights on the radio altimeter and ADI to the set DH value. During descent on a steady tone comes on at 50 feet above decision height. At decision height, the tone stops and both DH lights come on. Fail flags appear on both the radio altimeter and ADI rising runway indicator if the displays are not valid.
GLASS & COMBO
The DH knob on the EFIS control panel sets the decision heights. The set value appears in green text on the upper-right of the PFD and a green triangular pointer appears at the set value on the radio altitude tape. A tone comes on approaching decision height. At decision height, the green DH is replaced by a large amber DH which flashes and the green pointer on the radio altitude tape turns amber.
FLIGHT RECORDER
A flight data recorder in the aft cargo compartment collects information on the flight conditions. The unit is powered by the Left AC system. The FLT RECORDER OFF annunciator light comes on if the system is powered or the recording tape is broken. A test switch on the overhead panel powers the recorder for ground test. Normally the digital flight data recorder (DFDR) operates when the parking brake is released and a fuel lever is on. Trip number, flight leg, and trip date are inserted via the flight data entry panel on the overhead.
ALTITUDE ALERT
The altitude alert system alerts the cockpit crew by visual and aural signals when approaching, reaching, and/or departing a pre-selected altitude. Desired altitude is set in the altitude window of the digital flight guidance panel. Approaching the set altitude, an amber altitude alert light on the barometric altimeter comes on within 750 feet of the altitude and a tone sounds. The light goes out within 250 feet of the altitude. Subsequent deviation from the set altitude in excess of 250 feet causes the light to flash and a aural "ALTITUDE" warning. The flashing altitude light and aural warning can be cancelled by selecting a new altitude, by right clicking the altitude select knob, or returning to within 200 feet of the selected altitude.
GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM
The GPWS provides visual and aural warning of dangerous conditions of excessive descent rates, excessive terrain closure rates, altitude loss after takeoff, descent without gear or flaps in the landing configuration, and excessive deviation below glide slope.
GPWS SOUNDS
BANK ANGLE: If the aircraft bank angle exceeds 40 degrees. Will reset when the bank falls below 30 degrees. Accompanied by the
GPWS light.
DON'T SINK: This warning is active during the takeoff mode and is active until the aircraft is above 700 feet. If the aircraft looses 10% of its
altitude, the warning will sound every 5 seconds until the aircraft climbs back above that altitude. Accompanied by the GPWS
light.
GLIDE SLOPE: This mode is active when a glide slope frequency is available and the aircraft is below 1000 feet. When the aircraft descends
below 1 1/2 dots low, the warning will sound every 5 seconds until the condition is corrected. Accompanied by the BELOW
G/S light. This warning can also be canceled using the BELOW G/S button.
SINK RATE: If the aircraft is below 2500 feet and the vertical speed is between -2500 to -3500 fpm, the advisory will sound every 5
seconds until the condition is corrected. Accompanied by the GPWS light.
PULL UP: If the aircraft is below 2500 feet and the vertical speed is more that -3500 fpm, the advisory will sound every 5 seconds until the
condition is corrected. Accompanied by the GPWS light.
TOO LOW FLAPS: Accompanied by the GPWS light. Will sound every 5 seconds when the following conditions are met:
Radar Altitude less than 200 feet.
Flaps less than 26 degrees.
Airspeed less than 190 knots.
TOO LOW GEAR: Accompanied by the GPWS light. Will sound every 5 seconds when the following conditions are met:
Radar Altitude less than 400 feet.
Gear Up.
Airspeed less than 190 knots.
TOO LOW TERRAIN: Accompanied by the GPWS light. Will sound every 5 seconds when the following conditions are met.:
Radar Altitude less than 900 feet.
Airspeed above 250 knots.
Flaps less than 25 degrees.
Gear Up.
ALTITUDE CALL OUTS: The GPWS will make several altitude call outs when you are approaching the landing. The call outs are as
follows:
1000, 500, 300, 100, 50, 30 ,10
GPWS CONTROL SWITCHES
A three position control switch on the overhead panel has an OVRD position for inhibiting flap warning during approaches with flaps less than 26 degrees of flaps. NORM position, and a TEST position for checking visual and aural warnings.
ALTIMETER
ALTITUDE ALERT LIGHT
Comes on when approaching or departing a selected altitude.
READOUT
Indicates baro altitude from -1,000 to 50,000 feet in 20 foot increments. The first digit position of the left hand drum is green below 10,000 feet.
100 FOOT POINTER
Makes a full circle for each 1,000 feet.
BARO SET KNOB
Selects barometric pressure values. Sets value to same side CADC readout on the altimeter.
OFF FLAG
Indicates the altimeter readout is invalid or CADC input is lost.
NEG FLAG
Obscures digital readout when altitude is less than zero.
BUG SET KNOB AND INDEX
Sets altitude index bug to desired value.
AIRSPEED
Vmo POINTER
Indicates maximum permissible airspeed as related to altitude.
AIRSPEED POINTER
Indicates computed airspeed
AIRSPEED COMMAND BUG
Displays autothrottle selected speed
MAX SPD WARN TEST
Clacker sound alternates with spoken word "Overspeed". Momentary switch checks captain's (system 1) or first officer's (system 2) warning.
MACH READOUT
Indicates computed Mach. Minimum readout is .150. OFF flag appears when data is unusable.
A/S FLAG
Appears when airspeed unusable.
AIRSPEED REFERENCE BUGS
The airspeed bugs can be
set automatically using the button on the
TPS report or the Speed Cards. The bugs can also be set one at a time to any
value. The right side of the airspeed indicator has 10 mouse areas to adjust the
airspeed bugs. Each bug has 2 mouse areas, one for increasing the value and one
for decreasing the value.
VERTICAL SPEED
VSI needle dissapears and a VSI FAIL message appears when the vertical data is unusable. Driven by the air data computer.
AIR DATA SWITCHING
LOCATION: Light
is on Main Panel and Switch is on the
Overhead.
CADC SWITCH
When switch is in NORM, captain's altimeter and VSI driven by CADC-1; first officer's Mach/IAS, altimeter, VSI are driven by CADC-2. All instruments can be selected to either CADC.
CADC LIGHT
Indicates air data instruments switched to alternate source.
CLOCK
LOCATION: Main
Panel
LOCATION: Clock panel
STEAM
ELAPSED TIME KNOB
Pressing knob starts, stops, or resets clock.
GLASS & COMBO
CHR SWEEP SECOND HAND
Indicates seconds for stop watch function.
CHRONOGRAPH SWITCH
Stops, starts, and resets stop watch (CHR) function.
GMT INDICATOR
Displays UTC in 24 hour format.
ELAPSED TIME/CHR INDICATOR
Displays elapsed time or stop watch readout. Stop watch readout is displayed if both functions are activated.
ELAPSED TIME SELECTOR
Controls elapsed time readout in the ET/CHR indicator.
RUN -
Elapsed timer starts.
HLD -
Stops and holds elapsed time.
RESET
- Returns elapsed time readout to zero.
Selector trips to HLD when released.
STANDBY INSTRUMENTS
STANDBY MAGNETIC COMPASS
LOCATION: Top of Glareshild
Indicates magnetic heading when viewed through mirrors.
The mirror is located on the top of the glareshield. To open the mirror click on the mouse area at the base of the closed mirror (shown in green). To close the mirror, click anywhere on the mirror.
STANDBY ALTITUDE/AIRSPEED INDICATOR
LOCATION: Main
Panel or Standby Instrument Panel
Operates directly from auxiliary pitot and alternate static system.
100 FOOT POINTER
Pointer indicates a full circle for each 1000 feet of altitude. Indication must be added to the digital readout.
BARO SET KNOB
Selects barometric pressure in MB and IN HG windows.
DIGITAL READOUT
Indicates barometric altitude from -1000 to 50,000 feet in 1000 foot increments. The first digit position of the left hand drum is green below 10,000 feet.
STANDBY INDICATED AIRSPEED
Read above the lubber line
STANDBY HORIZON
LOCATION: Main
Panel or Standby Instrument Panel
ROLL POINTER
Indicates roll attitude on fixed index marks. Index marks are in 10 degree increments.
AIRPLANE SYMBOL
Indicates pitch attitude against horizon.
POWER FLAG
Appears when power is lost to indicator or the indicator is caged.
PITCH ATTITUDE SCALE
Indicates pitch attitude in 5 degree increments up and 10 degree increments down.
ERECTION AND TRIM KNOB
Click the center of the knob to erect the gyro. Click again to un-cage. Click on either side to adjust the airplane symbol against the horizon.
RADIO ALTIMETER - STEAM
DH LIGHTS
DH lights on radio altimeter and ADI come on at selected DH. Pressing radio altimeter DH light resets both DH lights.
DH BUG
Indicates the selected decision height on the radio altitude tape.
OFF FLAG
Indicates radio altitude is unusable.
RA INDEX
Fixed index indicates altitude above the ground on a moving tape from 0 to 2,500 feet.
DH SET KNOB AND DISPLAY
Selects decision height on reference bug and in readout window.
RISING RUNWAY
Displays last 200 feet AGL by rising to a fixed airplane symbol at touchdown. In view only when an ILS frequency is tuned.
RADIO ALTIMETER - GLASS & COMBO
DH SET KNOB
Selects decision height on reference bug and DH symbol.
DH REFERENCE BUG
Indicates the selected decision height on the radio altitude tape.
DH SYMBOL
DH (green) followed by set value (0-500 feet)
At decision height. DH set value is removed, DH symbol changes to separate larger yellow letters and flashes.
ALT MESSAGE
Appears at 1,000 feet AGL and disappears at 500 feet AGL.
RA INDEX
Fixed index indicates altitude above the ground on a moving tape from 0 to 2,500 feet.
RISING RUNWAY
Displays last 200 feet AGL by rising to a fixed airplane symbol at touchdown. In view only when an ILS frequency is tuned.
ALTITUDE ALERT
ALTITUDE SELECT KNOB AND DISPLAY
Knob selects alert altitude. Clicking cancels preselected altitude and puts out flashing alert light.
ALTITUDE ALERT LIGHT
Light comes on steady and tone sounds when approaching selected altitude within 750 feet. Light goes out within 250 feet of selected altitude. Light flashes, altitude voice warning, and an aural tone warning sounds when deviating from the selected altitude by 250 feet.
FLIGHT DATA RECORDER
LOCATION:
Overhead Panel
EVENT SWITCH
Pressing switch marks DFDR tape to indicate the beginning of an event.
INSERT SWITCH
Pressing switch enters data selected in display.
DATA DISPLAY AND SELECTOR
Selects trip number, trip date, and leg for entry on recorder tape.
TEST SWITCH
Activates the recorder for testing purposes.
- Indicates recorder failure or power loss.
GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM
LOCATION: Light
is on the Main Panel and switch is on the
Overhead Panel
GPWS CONTROL SWITCH
You must click the center of the black cover to open it. Then you click on the upper or lower areas to move the switch.
OVRD - Inhibits flap warnings
NORM - GPWS provides visual and aural warnings of hazardous conditions.
TEST - Provides momentary test of GPWS warnings.
BELOW G/S - PUSH TO INHIBIT LIGHT
Indicates deviation below glide slope. Accompanied by aural "Glide Slope" warning. Pressing light when between 1,000 feet and 300 feet inhibits the glide slope warning.
GPWS LIGHT
Indicates an unsafe condition or configuration near the ground. Accompanied by aural warnings that indicate the nature of the unsafe condition.
- Indicates GPWS is inoperative.