CFS2

Polikarpov I-16 Tip 10 Aces

Version 1.0

1.BACKGROUND ON INCLUDED AIRCRAFT

When the tiny I-16 flew for the first time in December 1933, it was far ahead of any other fighter design in the world, featuring retractable landing gear, a cantilever wing and variable pitch propeller. When the Spanish Civil War broke out, almost 500 were put into service with the Republicans, surprising the enemy with outstanding maneuverability, firepower and rate of climb, leading to the opposition nickname Rata(Rat) and friendly name Mosca(Fly).

Specification:

Wingspan...............9.00m

Length....................6.10m

Height....................2.57m

Empty Weight........1,327kg

Maximum Weight..1,716kg

Powerplant........Shvetsov M-25A air-cooled engine 730hp x 1

Armament..........ShKAS 7.62 mm gun x 4, Bomb(100kg) x 2

Max Speed........445 km/h (Alt. 3,000m)

Service Ceiling..9,100 m

Range................unknow km

Crew..................One

Armament List of Polikarpov I-16

Armament

Position

Caliber

Round/min

(RPG)

Rounds

Velocity

(m/sec)

PV-1 Machine Gun

Wing

7.62mm

780

900

 

ShKAS Machine Gun

Wing

7.62mm

1,800

900

 

ShKAS Machine Gun

Upper Nose

7.62mm

1,800

630

 

Berezin UB Gun

Lower Head

12.7mm

700-800

----

840

ShVAK Cannon

Wing

20mm

750-800

150

 

 

Variants of Polikarpov I-16 (Part I)

Specification

Tip 4

Tip 5

Early Build

Tip 5

Tip 6

Early Build

Tip 6

Wingspan (m)

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

Length (m)

5.90

6.0

6.0

6.0

6.0

Height (m)

2.57

2.57

2.57

2.57

2.57

Wing Area (Sqr.m)

14.54

14.54

14.54

14.54

14.54

Weight Empty (kg)

----

1040

1118

1260

1260

Weight Loaded (kg)

1354

1420

1535

1660

1660

Weight Take off (kg)

         

Engine

M-22

RCF-3

M-25

M-25A

M-25A

Power (HP)

@Altitude (m)

480@1500

630

700

730

730

Fuel(liter)

----

----

----

----

----

Max Speed (km/hr)

@Altitude (m)

362

@3000

437

@3000

457

@2700

445

@3000

445

@3000

Cruise Speed (km/hr)

346

362

390

390

390

Landing Speed (km/hr)

107

110

117

----

----

Climb Rate(m/min)

(m/min)

505*

1000/----

3000/4.4

5000/9.9

1000/----

3000/----

5000/6.8

685*

1000/1.3

3000/4.0

5000/7.3

1000/----

3000/----

5000/7.0

1000/----

3000/----

5000/7.0

Ceiling (m)

7440

8800

9200

9100

9100

Range (m)

680

790

780

----

----

Armament

1.Nose

2.Wing

 

PV-1 7.62mm x 2

 

PV-1 7.62mm x 2

 

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

 

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

 

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

Payloads

   

100kg bombs x 2

   

Remarks

1.Propeller

2.Gunsight

3.Canopy

4.Tail Detail

5.Production Line

6.Phase

1.V-22

2.OP-1

3.Slid Forward

4.Tail Skid

5.GAZ-39/ 21

6.1934-1935

1.Hamilton

2.OP-1

3.Slid Forward

4.Tail Wheel

5.GAZ-39

6.Mar 1935

1.V-25

2.OP-1

3.Slid Forward

4.Tail Skid

5.GAZ-21/ 153

6.Early 1936

1.V-25

2.OP-1

3.Open

4.Tail Skid

5.GAZ-21/ 153

6.Late 1937

1.V-25

2.PAK-1

3.Open

4.Tail Skid

5.GAZ-21/ 153

6.Late 1937

 

 

 

 

 

 

Variants of Polikarpov I-16 (Part II)

Specification

Tip 10

Tip 10

Later Build

Tip 12

(I-16P)

Tip 17

Tip 19

Wingspan (m)

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

 

Length (m)

6.10

6.10

6.00

6.00

 

Height (m)

2.57

2.57

2.57

2.57

 

Wing Area (Sqr.m)

14.54

14.54

14.54

14.54

 

Weight Empty (kg)

1327

1330

1160

1420

 

Weight Loaded (kg)

1716

1720

1700

1810

 

Weight Take off (kg)

----

----

----

----

 

Engine

M-25A

M-25V

RCF-3

M-25V

 

Power Take off (HP)

730

750

630

750

 

Fuel(liter)

----

----

----

----

 

Max Speed (km/hr)

@Altitude (m)

445

@3000

448

@3160

431

@2400

425

@2700

 

Cruise Speed (km/hr)

390

398

383

385

 

Landing Speed (km/hr)

----

126

129

131

 

Climb Rate(m/min)

(m/min)

1000/----

3000/----

5000/7.0

725*

1000/----

3000/3.40

5000/6.90

----

1000/----

3000/4.36

5000/8.00

----

1000/----

3000/4.36

5000/8.90

 

Ceiling (m)

9100

8400

8300

8200

 

Range (m)

----

525

520

417

 

Armament

1.Nose

2.Wing

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

ShVAK 20mm x 2

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

ShVAK 20mm x 2

 

Payloads

 

100kg bombs x 2

or RS-82 x 6

     

Remarks

1.Propeller

2.Gunsight

3.Canopy

4.Tail Detail

5.Production Line

6.Phase

1.V-25

2.PAK-1

3.Open

4.Tail Skid

5.GAZ-21

6.Dec 1937

1.AV-1

2.PAK-1a/ 1m

3.Open

4.Tail Wheel

5.----

6.1938

1.AV-1

2.PAK-1m

3.Open

4.Tail Skid

5.----

6.1937

1.AV-1

2.PAK-1m

3.Open

4.Tail Skid

5.GAZ-21/ 153

6.Mar 1937

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Variants of Polikarpov I-16 (Part III)

Specification

Tip 18

Tip 24

Tip 27

Tip 28

Tip 29

Wingspan (m)

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

Length (m)

6.0

6.10

6.10

6.10

6.10

Height (m)

2.57

2.57

2.57

2.57

2.57

Wing Area (Sqr.m)

14.54

14.54

14.54

14.54

14.54

Weight Empty (kg)

1433

1382

1336

1403

1545

Weight Loaded (kg)

1830

1882

1808

1988

1966

Weight Take off (kg)

----

----

----

----

----

Engine

M-62

M-63

M-62

M-63

M-63

Power Take off (HP)

1000

1100

1000

1100

1100

Fuel(liter)

----

----

----

----

----

Max Speed (km/hr)

@Altitude (m)

461

@4400

489

@4850

----

----

463

@2000

470

@5500

Cruise Speed (km/hr)

413

410

----

427

419

Landing Speed (km/hr)

132

130.5

131

150

131

Climb Rate(m/min)

(m/min)

926

1000/----

3000/2.90

5000/5.40

----

1000/----

3000/3.40

5000/5.20

----

1000/----

3000/----

5000/----

----

1000/----

3000/---

5000/5.60

----

1000/----

3000/3.30

5000/5.80

Ceiling (m)

9300

10800

----

9900

9800

Range (m)

485

440

700 with Addtional Tanks

458

----

440

Armament

1.Nose

2.Wing

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

ShVAK 20mm x 2

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

ShVAK 20mm x 2

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

Berezin 12.7mm x1

ShKAS 7.62mm x 2

Payloads

100kg bombs x 2

or RS-82 x 6

100kg bombs x 2

or RS-82 x 6

   

100kg bombs x 2

or RS-82 x 6

Remarks

1.Propeller

2.Gunsight

3.Canopy

4.Tail Detail

5.Production Line

6.Phase

1.AV-1

2.PAK-1m

3.Open

4.Skid/ Wheel

5.GAZ-19

6.1939

1.AV-1

2.PAK-1m

3.Open

4.Tail Wheel

5.GAZ-21/ 153

6.Mid 1940

1.AV-1

2.PAK-1m

3.Open

4.Tail Wheel

5.----

6.1939

1.AV-1

2.PAK-1m

3.Open

4. Tail Wheel

5.----

6.1937

1.AV-1

2.PAK-1m

3.Open

4. Tail Wheel

5.GAZ-21/ 153

6.1940

Note:

1.M-22 powerplant is a Soviet copy of the Vritish Bristol Jupiter VI

2.the Soviet Union referred to Wright-Cyclone SGR-1820-F-3 as RCF-3

3.OP-1; Opticheskij Pritsel(Optical Gunsight)

4.PAK-1; Prizel Aviazionnyj Kollimatornyj(Aviation Gunsight), a copy of the French Clair gunsight

5.M-62 powerplant is a Soviet copy of the Wright-Cyclone SGR-1820-G-5

6.9450 of I-16 produced total

 

 

 

 

 

Colors and Markings of Polikarpov I-16 Tip 5

Type

Aces

Photo/ Graphic

Tip 5

USSR

Yellow 9

Pilot unknown, 12nd IAP VMF-KBF(Baltic Fleet), USSR, August 1937

Tip 5

USSR

Black 5

Maior A. Blagoveschenskiy, 22nd IAP, USSR, May-June 1938

Tip 5

Spanish Republican

CM-125

Manuel Fernandez, Morales y Zarauza, 4a Escuadrilla, Spain, 14th Augest 1938

Tip 5

Nationalists

Captured IW-1

Pilot unknown, Captured by Spanish Nationalist, Grupo IW, Madrid-Cuatro Vientos, Spain, 1939

Tip 5

CAF-2105

(P-5806)

Lieutenant Liu Chi-Sheng, 21st PS, 4th PG, CAF, Wuhan area, China, 31st May 1938

Tip 5

CAF-67

(P-5379)

Kapitan Gubenko Anton Alexeyevich, Russian Volunteer Group, CAF, China, 18th July 1938

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Colors and Markings of Polikarpov I-16 Tip 6

TySpe

Aces

Photo/ Graphic

Tip 6

USSR

White 50

Pilot unknown, Baltic Fleet, USSR, August 1941

Tip 6

CAF-????

(P-????)

Lieutenant Wang Shou-Chang, 26th PS, CAF, Hankou area, China, 3rd August 1938

Tip 6

FAF-IR101

Pilot unknown, FAF Captured, Rompotti, Finland, March 1943

Colors and Markings of Polikarpov I-16 Tip 10

Type

Aces

Photo/ Graphic

Tip 10

Spanish Republican

CM-193

Jose Maria Bravo, 3a Escuadrilla, Spain, 1939

Tip 10

CAF-94

(P-????)

Pilot unknown, Training unit, CAF, Sinkiang, China, 1940

Tip 10

CAF-71

(P-????)

Major Sergey Ivanovich Gritsevets, Russian Volunteer Group, CAF, Hankou area, China, 29th April 1938

Tip 10

CAF-2423

(P-????)

Lieutenant Wei Ding-Shih, 24th PS, 5th PG, CAF, China, Jun 1941

 

Colors and Markings of Polikarpov I-16 Tip 17

Type

Aces

Photo/ Graphic

Tip 17

USSR

White 28

Pilot unknown, 4th Gaurds Regiment, Baltic Fleet, Vystv, Spring 1942

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Colors and Markings of Polikarpov I-16 Tip 18/ 24/ 29

Type

Aces

Photo/ Graphic

Tip 18

USSR

Yellow 13

S.G. Surzhenko, 72nd Aviation Regiment, Soviet Air Force, Murmansk, 1941

Tip 18

USSR

White 11

Boris Safonov, 72nd Aviation Regiment, Soviet Air Force, Murmansk, 1941

Tip 24

USSR

White 27

Lieutenant Krichevskiy, 254th IAP, Leningrad Front, Soviet Air Force, 1941

Tip 29

Romania

White 1

Anti-I-16 Trainer, Royal Romanian Air Force, 11st Sep 1941

 

 

 

 

1.I-16 Ishak Tip 10 "Major Sergey Ivanovich Gritsevets, Russian Volunteer Group, CAF, Hankou area, China, 29th April 1938"

 

2.I-16 Ishak Tip 10 "Pilot unknown, Training unit, CAF, Sinkiang, China, 1940"

 

 

 

3.I-16 Ishak Tip 10 Super Mosca "Jose Maria Bravo, CO of 3a Escuadrilla, Spain, 1939"

 

4.I-16 Ishak Tip 10 Super Mosca "Lieutenant Salvaredo, 7a Escuadrilla, Militar, Spain, Autumn 1938"

 

5.I-16 Ishak Tip 10 "Pilot unknown, Training unit, USSR, 1944"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.INSTALLATION

a.Unzip the I16T10v1.Zip to your CFS2\Aircraft folder.

b.Copy the folders in " I16_Ishak_Tip10\CFS2" directory to your

"Combat Flight Simulator 2" directory.

c.Copy BR2_YAK9U.gau to your "Combat Flight Simulator 2" directory.

 

3.THE AIRCRAFT

  1. Models
  2. FSDS 1.6b Multi-Resolution MDLs

    Object Code Size High Medium Low

    Meters 0 50 75

    Pixels 0 100 100

    Moving Parts: Key Definition

    Propeller “E”

    Throttle Bar “0”…”9” enable in FS2002 only

    Cowl Flap “Shift+E”/ “Ctrl+E”

    Flap “F”/ ”V”

    Fuselage Door “D”

    Landing Gear/ Main Wheel/ Tail Wheel “G”

    Aileron/ Rudder/ Elevator “Joy stick”

    Pilot/ Head/ Control Column/ Pedals “Joy stick”

  3. panel
  4. 2D panel image captured and modified from 3D Virtual Cockpit

    uses CFS2 stock gauges and

    BR2 YaK-9U gauges required, please download it from BR2 site:

    (http://knifemaker.free.fr/_soviet.htm)

  5. sound
  6. alias A6M2_Zero\sound

  7. texture
  8. I16_01/ I16_02../ I16_06/ pilot_I16 uses 1024x1024 24-bit DXT1 Opaque format

    weapons_I16 256x256 24-bit DXT1 Opaque format

    prop_I16 uses 256x256 Extended 16-bit 444-4 format

  9. I16_Ishak_Tip6.AIR file uses AirEd modified with stock A6M2_Zero.AIR
  10. I16_Ishak_Tip5.dp files uses DPED110
  11. prop_I16.bmp uses MAURO’s propeller texture

 

4.COPYRIGHTS

END-USER LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR SOFTWARE

SOFTWARE PRODUCT LICENSE

CFS2 Polikarpov I-16 Tip 10 Aces Version 1.0

The Polikarpov I-16 Tip 10 painted as:

1.Major Sergey Ivanovich Gritsevets, Russian Volunteer Group, CAF, Hankou area, China, 29th April 1938

2.Pilot unknown, Training unit, CAF, Sinkiang, China, 1940

3.Jose Maria Bravo, CO of 3a Escuadrilla, Spain, 1939

4.Lieutenant Salvaredo, 7a Escuadrilla, Militar, Spain, Autumn 1938

5.Pilot unknown, Training unit, USSR, 1944

 

The SOFTWARE PRODUCT is protected by copyright laws and international copyright treaties, as well as other intellectual property laws and treaties. The SOFTWARE PRODUCT is licensed, not sold.

COPYRIGHT INFORMATION

Users or distributors cannot ask for payment in any form, for the package or freeware elements or products derived from the original work. although it is distributed as freeware, the authors reserve the right to utilize any portion of the work for commercial purposes in the future.

All rights reserved.

This product, whether in beta form or final form, may not be transferred to CD-ROM, magneto-optical media or any temporary or permanent media (diskette, ZIP diskette, tape, video, etc.) without written permission of the original authors.

The package or any part of it, may not form part at any time, of any free media, distributed as part of a commercial, shareware or any other non-free type of product as a book, a magazine, a video or other type of media, without the written permission of their authors.

The package, or any portion thereof, may not be uploaded to any site or redistributed without the written permission of the authors.

Finally, this package must remain intact as it is currently distributed - with no substitution of any components.

Disclaimer:

The included files have been extensively tested has been determined not to be harmful. However, the authors are not responsible for any direct, consequential or indirect damage these files or the installation process may cause to you, third parties or to any property, equipment or software.

The authors of this package assume no liability of any kind for the usage of this package. Use entirely at your own risk.

The original " CFS2 Polikarpov I-16 Tip 10 Aces” package may be located at http://cfsfrance.altajeux.com/ at www.flightsim.com, at www.netwings.org, at www.sim-outhouse.com and at www.simviation.com

 

Ivan Hsu

Taipei, TAIWAN

Archi.mail@msa.hinet.net

Copyright 2003

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.REFERENCES

SITE

  1. Colors and Markings
  2. Early Polikarpov I-16 Variants

    http://www.brushfirewars.org/aircraft/polikarpov_i-16/polikarpov_i-16_1.htm

    FAF AIRCRAFT IN WWII

    http://www.sci.fi/%7Eambush/faf/fighters.html

    Insignia of China (Part I)

    http://www.geocities.com/cwlam2000hk/part1.htm

    I-16

    http://www.samolet.co.uk/i-16.html

    Oddities of Camouflage 1934-41/ The Polikarpov I-16 Fighter, Part I

    http://www.kithobbyist.com/VVS/Markings/I16/artdeco-i16_pt1.html

    Schemes for the I-16 Type 5 Conversion set

    http://www.kithobbyist.com/VVS/Markings/I16/type5/type5.html

    Spanish Nationalist Air Force 1939-1952

    http://www.insigniamag.com/span17.html

    VVS Color Profiles and Markings

    http://www.kithobbyist.com/VVS/Markings/index.php

    VVS Colors, 1941-45: Popular Paint Brand Equivalents

    http://www.kithobbyist.com/VVS/ColorResearch/paints.php

     

  3. History
  4. Air Aces Homepage

    http://users.accesscomm.ca/magnusfamily/airaces1.htm

    Boris Feoktistovich Safonov

    http://aerostories.free.fr/pilotes/URSS/safonov/

    Boris F. Safonov - Naval Aviation Ace

    http://www.elknet.pl/acestory/safonov/safonov.htm

    Burbank's World War Two Aircraft

    http://www.senet.com.au/~mhyde/ww2_aircraft_china.htm

    Chinese Aces of WW2

    http://www.frenkenstein.com/ww2/china/China.htm

    Chinese biplane fighter aces – Liu Chi-Sheng

    http://www.dalnet.se/~surfcity/china_chi-sheng.htm

    Polikarpov I-16 ?Mosca? In the Spanish Civil War

    http://usuarios.lycos.es/SANMARCA/iindex.htm

    Soviet biplane fighter aces - Anton Gubenko

    http://www.dalnet.se/~surfcity/soviet_gubenko.htm

    Soviet biplane fighter aces - Sergey Gritsevets

    http://www.dalnet.se/~surfcity/soviet_gritsevets.htm

    SOVIET UNION (VVS) ACES

    http://www.elknet.pl/acestory/soviet.htm

    The Soviet Air Forces in the Winter War

    http://www.winterwar.com/forces/SAF.htm

    U.S.S.R. - Sino-Japanese Conflict

    http://users.accesscomm.ca/magnusfamily/sinours.htm

     

    War In China (1937-1941)

    http://math.fce.vutbr.cz/safarik/ACES/aces1/china1.html

    二戰電影中國系列之一/ 筧橋英烈傳(Traditional Chinese)

    http://home.kimo.com.tw/wtaing/movie031.htm

     

    英烈千秋(Traditional Chinese)

    http://www.mnd.gov.tw/division/~defense/mil/air/dairwar/people/airwar2.htm

     

  5. Model Kits
  6. A Multitude of Rata's - Building the I-16 in 1/48th By Randy Lutz

    http://www.kithobbyist.com/VVS/ModelArticles/Lutz/lutz_i16.html

    Aircraft Resource Center/ Model Article Archives/ Polikarpov I-16

    http://www.aircraftresourcecenter.com/Gal-Fea%20Archives/Prop/Polikarpov_I-16/I-16.htm

    Hasegawa 1-72 Polikarpov I-16(Japanese)

    http://www5.big.or.jp/~jinmink/MUZEO/mokei/tenji/sekigunaikoukai/jinmink/Il-16/

    Hasegawa 1-72 Polikarpov I-16製作記(Japanese)

    http://homepage1.nifty.com/cobachan/article/cob-i16.htm

    Hobbycraft 1-48 Polikarpov I-16 Type 5

    http://perso.wanadoo.fr/manuel/I16.html

    Hobbycraft 1-48 Polikarpov I-16 by Rick Brownlee

    http://m2reviews.cnsi.net/reviews/allies/ussr/brownleei16.htm

    Hobbycraft 1-48 Polikarpov I-16 Type 5 by Denis Moisan

    http://www.smhq.org/articles/polikarpov.html

    Polikarpov I-16 Gear Down(Japanese)

    http://www5a.biglobe.ne.jp/~t_miyama/po16leg.html

    Polikarpov I-16 in 1/72nd Scale

    http://www.kithobbyist.com/VVS/ModelGallery/poli_i16_72.php

    Polikarpov I-16 Type 24/ Scale 1/48/ by Hector Mirasol-Brull

    http://www.kithobbyist.com/VVS/ModelArticles/Mirasol/i-16/hector-type24.html

    The Airwaves I-16 Type 5 Set And What To Do With It by Aleksandar ?ekularac

    http://www.kithobbyist.com/VVS/ModelReviews/Sekularac/airwaves-type5-rev.html

    The I-16 in Plastic

    http://www.kithobbyist.com/VVS/ModelArticles/I-16/index.html

     

    ?????????? ?-16(Russian)

    http://www.airforce.ru/modelism/firstlook/i-16/

     

  7. Walk Around

Els detalls del Polikarpov I-16 "Mosca"

http://www.geocities.com/Vienna/Choir/5129/desglos.htm

Fighter Factory - Polikarpov I-16 Rata

http://www.tidetech.com/fighterfactory/polii16.html

I-16 (global)

http://lemairesoft.digitalrice.com/engins2/1448.html

Polikarpov fighters *(Russian)

http://wio.boom.ru/tacftr/polikarp.htm

Polikarpov I-16

http://www.go2war2.nl/luchtmacht/_jagers/rus_i-16/artikel.htm

Polikarpov I-16

http://penio.narod.ru/Planes/USSR/I16/

Polikarpov I-16 Ishak

http://www.skyshow.co.nz/pages/i_16.html

Polikarpov I-16 'Ishak' ('Rata')

http://www.kiwiaircraftimages.com/i16.html

POLIKARPOV I-16 "Mosca"

http://www.terra.es/personal7/alfa-re02do/pagfot11.htm

POLIKARPOV I-16 "MOSCA" ("RATA")

http://archivosea0.homestead.com/I16_Mosca.html

Soviet Aircraft Performance Data/ And Europa Ratings/ Fighters

http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/2072/SovRatings.html

The Aircraft – Russia/ Polikarpov I-16 Ishak (Rata)

http://www.nzfpm.co.nz/aircraft/i16.htm

The Polikarpov I16 Landing Gear Explained, Part I By Ham, 02JUN02.

http://www.il2center.com/technika/features/011019.htm

Wirbirds Over New Zealand/ Polikarpov I-16

http://www.warbirdsovernewzealand.com/Closeup/I-16/I-16wa.htm

 

BOOK

  1. Polikarpov Fighters in action Pt.2/ Hanss-Heiri Stapfer/ Aircraft Number 162/ squadron/ signal publications/ U.S.A
  2. Polikarpov’s I-16 Fighter-Its Forerunners and Progeny/ Yefim Gordon/ RED STAR

VOLUME 3/ Midland Publishing/ England

 

I welcome your comments.

Ivan Hsu

Taipei, TAIWAN

archi.mail@msa.hinet.net

2nd May 2003